NAZARIYYAR "QUANTUM FLUCTUATION" DA HALITTAR DUNIYA

Tsaftace Kimiyyar Physics daga Ƙazantar Maguzawan Girka

00|| GABATARWA

Daga cikin manyan manufofin kimiyyar Physics akwai bayyana tasirin makamashin ƙarfi na kimiyya(energy) wajen farar da wani aiki! A kimiyyar Physics duk wani aiki da ya faru, to za ka samu akwai wani nau'i na energy da ya taka rawa ko dai a zahiri ko a baɗini wajen faruwar wannan aikin.

Duk da cewa malaman Physics sun gamsu ba duk wani energy ne ake iya gane shi ba, kuma sun gamsu ba wani aiki da yake faruwa ba tare da wani energy ba, amma a hakan da yawansu musamman Girkawansu da Jamusawansu da ma Turawan Birtaniya suna inkarin jinginawa Allah (S.W.T) wanda mu musulmi muke bautawa, aikin halittar wannan duniya ta mu.

A wannan karon za mu tattauna mas'alar "Quantum Fluctuation", da yadda malaman Physics suke fassara halittar duniya daga faruwar Babban Amo (Big Bang) da shi. Da kuma kallon da mu musulmi muke yiwa wannan kwatancen nasu a cikin madubinmu na Alƙur'ani maigirma da Sunnah ta Annabi Muhammad ﷺ.

Na yi shimfiɗa mai ɗan tsayi, da za ta haska mana ainihin abin da mas'alar "Quantum Fluctuation" ta ƙunsa. Kuma ina fatan mai karatu zai daure ya karance gabaɗaya a nutse domin samun kyakkyawar natija.

01|| QUANTUM MECHANICS

Dodon ɗaliban kimiyyar Physics kenan🤣 Idan kana so ka ga ɓacin ran ɗaliban Physics a jami'oin Najeriya to ka taso musu da maganar Quantum Mechanics.

Shi wannan fannin mai albarka in muka kula gwari-gwari an gina shi kacokan akan:

• Quantum

• Mechanics

II- MECHANICS: Nazariyyar "Mechanics" a kimiyyar Physics ta shafi tasirin da makamashin ƙarfi ke da shi wajen motsawar wani jiki a cikin tazarar lokaci. Komai da ke wannan duniyar wanda ƙarfi zai iya motsa shi yayin da yake tsaye a guri guda, ko ya tsayar da shi yayin da yake motsi, hanyar nazariyyarsa ake nufi da "Mechanics". Idan muka lura da abubuwan da muke gani a al'adance a muhallinmu alal misali; lokacin da jirgin sama ya ke tsaye a ƙasa, za mu ganshi ƙatoto mai faɗi mai tsayi kuma mai tudu (bisa) sosai! Ba ma a iya sanya ƙafa a shiga sai da matattakala. Idan kuma ya tashi sama ya shilla, za ka hange shi ya zama ɗan mitsitsi a cikin gajimare, kamar ba shi ne wannan ƙatoton jirgin da ka gani ɗazu a ƙasa ba!

• A lokacin da jirgin sama yake kan tsandaurin ƙasa (a Airport), kimiyyar Physics tana nazartar motsinsa (Mechanics) a ma'aunin Classical Mechanics, bisa lura da ƙa'idojin nazariyyar motsi da babban malaminmu Sir Isaac Newton ya gano, da ake kira "3 Laws of Motion". Ana kuma kiran wannan nazariyya har wa yau da "Newtonian Mechanics".

• Lokacin da jirgi ya shilla cikin gajimare, to ƙa'idojin Classical/Newtonian Mechanics sun tashi daga aiki, ba za su yi amfani ba. Saboda ƙanƙantar jikin (jirgin) ta kai maƙura gaya. Sai malaman Physics suka samar da ƙa'idojin nazarin motsawar ƴan ƙananan abubuwa, suka sanyawa nazariyyar suna "Quantum Mechanics QM".

Quantum Mechanics ya kafu da gudunmawar manyan malaman Physics guda 3 kamar haka:

1- Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947): Gabanin shekara ta 1900, mafi yawan malaman Physics suna ganin kusan ba wani abu da ya rage wanda za a ƙara binckowa a fagen kimiyyar Physics, an ƙulle ƙofa haka nan. Planck a lokacin ya samar da wata ƙa'idar lissafi (Mathematical formula) wadda za ta iya auna: "frequencies of light energy emitted from a hot object", wato adadin makamashin ƙarfi da wani jiki ya ƙarɓa daga wani abu mai ɗumi.

Gabanin Planck, a iya tunanin malaman Physics ba su san ta hanyar da za a iya auna adadin energy ɗin da aka karɓa daga wani jiki mai ɗumi ba! Wannan ƙa'ida da Planck ya samar ita ake kira Planck's Equation (E = hv and c=λν). Saboda wannan ijtihadin na Malam Planck ne ya sa malaman Physics ke masa laƙabi da "father of quantum mechanics". Malam Planck ya kira wannan energy ɗin da suna "quanta" wato ɗan ƙanƙani. Idan guda 1 ne kuma quantum. Masana suna cewa daga wannan ta'arifin ne aka sanyawa wannan fage a kimiyyar Physics suna Quantum Mechanics!

2- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Sai dai shi Planck a wancan aikin nasa bai kawo wani dalili da ya sa wannan energy ɗin ya zama "quantized" (wanda aka ƙanƙantar da shi) ba! Ga shi ita kuma kimiyyar Physics tana gudana ne akan dalili mai ƙarfi wajen tabbatar da wani abu ko kore shi! Daga nan ne maigidanmu Malam Albert Einstein ya ɗora.

Bari mu ɗan yi tsokaci akan wasu muhimman mas'aloli guda 2:

1- Photoelectric Effect: Shi ne tasirin makamashin haske da yake sanyawa sinadaran ƴaƴan haske (electron) su fita daga jikin wani abu.

2- Wave: Asali Classical Mechanics ya siffanta haske da ma'anar Wave (tafiyar ruwa). Wanda shi kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar haka:

• Amplitude A: girman tazararsa daga ƙasa zuwa sama.

• Frequency λ: ma'aunin lokacin da Wave ya ƙure tsayinsa a sama.

Da malam Albert Einstein ya zo, sai ya yi gagarumin bincike game da wancan theory na Planck. Inda ya gano cewa: a mafi yawancin lokuta haske yana da ɗabi'a mai suna "discrete packets of electromagnetic energy/radiation": Wato wasu ƙananun ƙwayoyin haske masu siffar electromagnetic (in sha Allah za mu yi dogon sharhi akai nan gaba), masu zaman kansu. Ya kira waɗannan discrete packets ɗin "photons ko quanta". A nazariyyar Einstein game da photon ya gano cewa: adadin makamashin energy da ke cikin photon guda 1, yana da nasaba da gwargwadon frequency ɗinsa. Da wannan Mal. Einstein ya ƙarrara cewa: makamashin haske wanda yake da babban frequency (high frequency) ya fi ba da adadi mai yawa na makamashin energy ga sinadarin electron.

Wannan nazariyya ta Mal. Einstein ita ake kira da "Photoelectric Effect equation Ek = hf − ϕ". Akanta ne ma ya lashe kyautar da ake yiwa manyan malaman kimiyya na duniya a shekarar 1921.

3- Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962): Duk da irin namijin da Mal. Einstein ya yi wajen gano Photoelectric Effect da ya kuɓucewa Mal. Planck, shi ma sai da wani muhimmin abu ya kuɓuce masa. Idan mun lura da kyau Mal. Einstein bai bayyana dalilin da ya sa makashin energy yake bayyana a matsayin "discrete packets" ba! Malam Neils Bohr (Danish Physicist) da ya zo a shekarar 1913 dai ya shiga aikin binciken ƙwaƙwar game da yadda ƙwayar zarra (atom) ta tattaru da taƙamaimai ɗin surarta ta kimiyya.

Kafin zuwan Malam Bohr, kaɗai abin da masana kimiyya suka sani game da atom shi ne; abubuwan da suka tattaru suka samar da shi a cikin ƙwayarsa ya samu ne sakamakon haɗuwar badamen cajin ƙwayar nucleus (positively charged nucleus) da bahagon cajin ƙwayar electron (negatively charged electrons), waɗanda katangar kimiyya (orbit) ta kewaye su. Bohr shi ne ya yiwa wannan nazariyya garanbawul da gyare-gyare. Ya ce wannan ƙwayar ta electron ya kamata ya samu taƙamaimai ɗin kafa (path) da zai riƙa jujjuyawa a cikin kwanson ƙwayar zarra (atom), wadda hanyar tana kama da unguwannin da ke maƙwabtakar rana (planets) kuma suke kewaye da ita. Malam Bohr ya sanyawa wannan nazariyya suna "electron orbitals". Kowace katanga (orbital) guda ɗaya tana da wani makamashin energy nata na musamman.

A ƙarƙashin wannan nazariyya ne Malam Bohr ya gano cewa; idan ƙwayar electron ta karɓi makamashin energy, daga nan za ta yi tsalle daga orbital ɗin da take zuwa orbital ɗin mafi girma. Yayin da electron ya tsallaka daga orbital ɗinsa zuwa ƙaramin orbital ɗin da bai kai nasa girma ba, nan ma yana karɓar makamashin energy zuwa jikinsa. Shi wannan energy ɗin, shi ne ma'aunin bambance (difference) a tsakanin orbitals ɗin guda 2. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa energy yake gudana a matsayin wani adadi da za a iya tantance yawansa (discrete value). Shi ne dai ake kira da "quanta". 

DAJIYA: Na kan to mamakin ɗaliban Chem-is-try da suke zaƙalƙalewa idan ana maganar kimiyya🤣 Alhali nazariyyar "atom" wadda ita ce kusan kaso 1/3 na Chemistry ɗin kacokan ta ta'allaƙa da aikin manyan malaman Physics su Malam Neils Bohr. Wato dai shi Physics ba wai uba ba ne kawai ga kimiyyar CHEMISTRY, kakan kaka ne🤸🤸

A dunƙule za mu fahimci wasu muhimman gaɓoɓi guda 3 kamar haka:

I- Makamashin "quantized energy" da Malam Planck ya gani a bincikensa shi ne makamashin "electromagnetic radiation/energy" wanda ya fita daga jikin ƙwayar electron a cikin jiki mai ɗumi ko zafi.

II- Ita kuma ƙwayar photons da Einstein ya yi nasa binciken akanta, tana fitar da makamashin energy ɗinta ta bawa ƙwayar electron a cikin jiki mai karɓar zafi ko ƙwayar lantarki (metals). Idan sinadarin energy ɗin da ke jikin ƙwayar photon yana da yawa sosai, yana tursasawa ƙwayar electron ta bar katangar da take (orbital) da jikin jikin metal gabaɗaya.

III- Abin da Malam Bohr ya binciko game da shige da ficen da ƙwayar electron ke yi a tsakanin katangun (orbitals) ƙwayar zarra, shi ne ya ba da hasken bayanin fannin Quantum Mechanics. 

In sha Allah a kashi na 2 za mu ɗora, inda za mu tattauna akan:

• QUANTUM FLUCTUATION

• QUANTUM FLUCTUATION DA ƘA'IDOJIN KIMIYYAR PHYSICS

• QUANTUM FLUCTUATION A MAHANGAR ALKUR'ANI MAIGIRMA

(C) Adam Sharada

 29th January, 2023